Roman and Byzantine Emperors
Augustus became the first Roman Emperor after the civil wars following Julius Caesar's death in 44 BC, ruling a realm stretching from Spain to Syria and North Africa to Gaul. By the late 4th century, the empire split into eastern and western halves. The Western Empire fell to Germanic peoples and the Huns within another century. The Eastern Empire, known as the Byzantine Empire, persisted for over 1,000 years as a major cultural center of the Middle Ages, using Greek as its language and Basileus ("king") as the imperial title. Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
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